The characteristics of the petroleum industry differ from other industries. The raw material it is based on is 'crude oil,' a liquid extracted from the earth's subsurface. However, its discovery is accompanied by many difficulties and problems, requiring significant expenditure. When found, it is not in a form suitable for immediate use. Therefore, it must be transformed into useful products through complex processing and refining operations that require the establishment of sophisticated plants.

Most oil fields are very far from the main consuming countries, which necessitates its transport over long distances. Thus, the oil industry branches into several fields such as exploration, production, transportation, refining, and marketing. Each of these fields requires extensive technical research, large capital, and vast experience. Therefore, to ensure the success of the oil industry, it was natural to have some integration between its different fields. The major oil companies have made great strides in this area because they have reached a size that enables them to finance these large and complex operations while bearing the associated risks.

• Weight: 0.6 kg
• Dimensions: 17 × 24 cm
• ISBN: 978-9975-12-992-7