The concept of "God" in modern philosophy has changed significantly as philosophy began to separate from religion and rely on reason as the primary source of knowledge. This led to various trends including deism and materialist philosophies.

Attempts emerged to prove God's existence using the principle of causality and the search for the "first cause" of the universe. Other philosophers linked God with reason and human existence. Descartes considered God's benevolence a condition for the validity of our knowledge, while Spinoza viewed God as the essence of the one universe rather than an external cause.

There were also ideas of God as a cosmic energy or collective consciousness manifesting in everything, instead of a separate entity.