Policing as we know it is a relatively new concept, as police agencies did not exist two hundred years ago. Before the introduction of policing, people were responsible for protecting their own property and dealt with crime on their own with the limited means available to them. Early policing efforts were primitive and evolved over time to what they are today, a model of professional policing. This evolution in America included what is called the reform movement, which addressed the shortcomings of early policing efforts. The move towards professional policing was aided by the scientific community and discoveries that could be applied to criminal investigations. Today, criminal investigations are conducted by investigators at the local, state, and federal levels through a variety of law enforcement agencies.

• Author: Charles A. Lushbaugh, Paul B. Weston
• Translation: Prof. Dr. Theyab Al-Badayneh, Dr. Khawla Al-Hassan
• Number of Pages: 640
• Year of Publication: 2017
• Binding Type: Hardcover
• Edition: First
• Print Color: Black and White
• Dimensions (cm): 17*24
• Weight (kg): 1.1
• Barcode: 9789957921507